世貿(mào)組織裁決美國(guó)違規(guī)加征中國(guó)2340億關(guān)稅（附中文結(jié)論）

關(guān)務(wù)小二

2020年9月15日，世界貿(mào)易組織爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)構(gòu)專家組就中國(guó)訴美301關(guān)稅措施世貿(mào)爭(zhēng)端案發(fā)布專家組報(bào)告，認(rèn)定美國(guó)涉案的加征征稅措施違反世貿(mào)組織義務(wù)。





關(guān)務(wù)小二根據(jù)報(bào)告中的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行粗略翻譯，第一部分內(nèi)容是中國(guó)提出了什么訴求，第二部分內(nèi)容是世貿(mào)爭(zhēng)端裁決專家組得出的最終結(jié)論。

第一部分：中國(guó)提出了什么訴求在報(bào)告附件“543r_e.pdf”中，寫(xiě)明了中國(guó)提出的訴求點(diǎn)：

7.1.2.3 The measures covered by China's panel request
7.1.2.3 中國(guó)專家小組要求采取的措施

7.37. China's panel request reads, in relevant parts: The measures at issue in this request include the actions taken by the United States, based on the USTR's investigation into China's acts, policies, and practices related to technology transfer, intellectual property, and innovation under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 and pursuant to sections 301(b), 301(c), and 304(a) of the Trade Act of 1974 and the direction made in the President's statement to impose an additional ad valorem duty upon certain imported products of Chinese origin. The above mentioned actions include:7.37. 中國(guó)的小組請(qǐng)求的相關(guān)部分內(nèi)容如下： 這項(xiàng)請(qǐng)求中涉及的措施包括美國(guó)根據(jù)美國(guó)貿(mào)易代表委員會(huì)對(duì)中國(guó)根據(jù)1974年《貿(mào)易法》第301條和1974年《貿(mào)易法》第301(b)、301(c)和304(a)條采取的與技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)和創(chuàng)新有關(guān)的行為、政策和做法的調(diào)查，以及總統(tǒng)聲明中關(guān)于對(duì)某些原產(chǎn)于中國(guó)的進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品征收額外從價(jià)稅的指示。上述行動(dòng)包括：

1. An additional 25% duty ad valorem on approximately $34 billion worth of imports from China announced by the USTR on 15 June 2018 and implemented by the Federal Register notice of 20 June 2018 (Notice of Action and Request for Public Comment Concerning Proposed Determination of Action Pursuant to Section 301: China's Acts, Policies and Practices Related to Technology Transfer, Intellectual Property and Innovation, (83 Fed. Reg. 28,710)); and
1. 美國(guó)貿(mào)易代表辦公室于2018年6月15日宣布對(duì)價(jià)值約340億美元的從中國(guó)進(jìn)口的產(chǎn)品征收額外25%的從價(jià)稅，并由2018年6月20日的《聯(lián)邦公報(bào)》通知（《關(guān)于根據(jù)第301條：中國(guó)與技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)和創(chuàng)新有關(guān)的行為、政策和做法的行動(dòng)建議確定的行動(dòng)通知和征求公眾意見(jiàn)》（83 Fed.Reg.28,710））實(shí)施；以及【關(guān)務(wù)小二注：此處指美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)340億美元加征關(guān)稅商品清單之事】

2. An additional 10% duty ad valorem on approximately $200 billion worth of imports from China implemented on 24 September 2018, and the rate of additional duty will increase to 25% ad valorem on 1 January 2019,[13] according to the announcement by the USTR on 21 September 2018 (Notice of Modification of Section 301 Action: China's Acts, Policies and Practices Related to Technology Transfer, Intellectual Property and Innovation, (83 Fed. Reg. 47,974)).
2. 根據(jù)USTR于2018年9月21日發(fā)布的公告（《關(guān)于修改301條款行動(dòng)的通知》），2018年9月24日對(duì)從中國(guó)進(jìn)口的價(jià)值約2000億美元的產(chǎn)品實(shí)施10%的附加稅從價(jià)計(jì)征，2019年1月1日附加稅率將提高到25%從價(jià)計(jì)征，[13]。中國(guó)與技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓、知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)和創(chuàng)新相關(guān)的行為、政策和做法，（83 Fed. Reg. 47,974））。【關(guān)務(wù)小二注：此處指美國(guó)對(duì)中國(guó)2000億美元加征關(guān)稅商品清單之事】

以上原文鏈接：https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/543r_e.pdf
中國(guó)針對(duì)美國(guó)這兩項(xiàng)措施，根據(jù)WTO相關(guān)規(guī)則在世貿(mào)組織提出了爭(zhēng)議訴求，從下方第二部分結(jié)論中可看出訴求點(diǎn)。

第二部分：世貿(mào)爭(zhēng)端裁決專家組得出的最終結(jié)論

In light of its conclusion that the United States has not adequately explained how the measures chosen by it are necessary to protect public morals, the United States has not met its burden of demonstrating that the measures are provisionally justified under Article XX(a). The Panel, therefore, does not consider it necessary to make findings on whether the United States has demonstrated that its measures satisfy the requirements of the chapeau of Article XX.
鑒于小組的結(jié)論是，美國(guó)沒(méi)有充分解釋它所選擇的措施為何是保護(hù)公共道德所必需的，因此，美國(guó)沒(méi)有履行其證明這些措施根據(jù)第二十條(a)款有臨時(shí)理由的責(zé)任。因此，專家小組認(rèn)為沒(méi)有必要就美國(guó)是否已證明其措施符合第二十條起首部分的要求作出結(jié)論。

8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION(S)
8 結(jié)論和建議

8.1. For the reasons set forth in this Report, the Panel concludes that:
8.1 基于本報(bào)告中提出的理由，專家組得出結(jié)論：

• a. the parties have not reached a mutually satisfactory solution within the meaning of Article 12.7 of the DSU, or otherwise relinquished their rights to pursue WTO dispute settlement action on the measures at issue in this dispute;
• a. 雙方?jīng)]有達(dá)成《爭(zhēng)端解決協(xié)議》第12.7條意義上的雙方滿意的解決方案，也沒(méi)有放棄就本爭(zhēng)端中的有關(guān)措施采取世貿(mào)組織爭(zhēng)端解決行動(dòng)的權(quán)利。
  

• b. all measures challenged by China fall within the Panel's terms of reference, and it is appropriate for the Panel to make findings and recommendations with respect to the first measure as identified in China's panel request (additional duties of 25% on List 1 products), and the second measure as amended on 9 May 2019 (additional duties of 25% on List 2 products);
• b. 中國(guó)提出質(zhì)疑的所有措施均屬于專家組的職權(quán)范圍，專家組就中國(guó)專家組請(qǐng)求中確定的第一項(xiàng)措施（對(duì)清單1產(chǎn)品征收25%的額外關(guān)稅）和2019年5月9日修訂的第二項(xiàng)措施（對(duì)清單2產(chǎn)品征收25%的額外關(guān)稅）提出結(jié)論和建議是合適的。
  

• c. the challenged measures are prima facie inconsistent with Articles I:1, II:1(a) and II:1(b) of the GATT 1994; and
• c. 受質(zhì)疑的措施表面上看不符合《1994年關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定》第I:1條、第II:1(a)條和第II:1(b)條；以及
  

• d. the United States has not met its burden of demonstrating that the measures are provisionally justified under Article XX(a) of the GATT 1994.
• d. 美國(guó)沒(méi)有履行其證明這些措施在《1994年關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定》第二十條(a)項(xiàng)下有臨時(shí)理由的責(zé)任。
  

8.2. As a consequence, the Panel concludes that the measures at issue are inconsistent with Articles I:1, II:1(a) and II:1(b) of the GATT 1994.
8.2. 因此，專家小組得出結(jié)論，有關(guān)措施不符合《1994年關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定》第I:1、II:1(a)和II:1(b)條。

8.3. Under Article 3.8 of the DSU, in cases where there is an infringement of the obligations assumed under a covered agreement, the action is considered prima facie to constitute a case of nullification or impairment. The Panel concludes that, to the extent that the measures at issue are inconsistent with certain provisions of the GATT 1994, they have nullified or impaired benefits accruing to China under that agreement within the meaning of Article XXIII:1(a) of the GATT 1994.
8.3. 根據(jù)《爭(zhēng)端解決協(xié)議》第3.8條，在違反所涵蓋的協(xié)議所承擔(dān)的義務(wù)的情況下，有關(guān)行動(dòng)被視為構(gòu)成無(wú)效或損害的初步證據(jù)。專家組的結(jié)論是，在有關(guān)措施與《1994年關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定》某些條款不一致的情況下，這些措施使中國(guó)在該協(xié)定下應(yīng)得的利益在《1994年關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定》第二十三條第1款(a)項(xiàng)的意義上歸于無(wú)效或受損。

8.4. Pursuant to Article 19.1 of the DSU, the Panel recommends that the United States bring its measures into conformity with its obligations under the GATT 1994.
8.4. 根據(jù)《爭(zhēng)端解決協(xié)議》第19.1條，小組建議美國(guó)使其措施符合1994年關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定規(guī)定的義務(wù)。

9 CONCLUDING COMMENTS
9 結(jié)論性意見(jiàn)

9.1. In conclusion, the Panel wishes to make some additional observations:
9.1. 最后，小組希望提出一些補(bǔ)充意見(jiàn)。

9.2. The Panel is very much aware of the wider context in which the WTO system currently operates, which is one reflecting a range of unprecedented global trade tensions.
9.2. 小組非常了解世貿(mào)組織系統(tǒng)目前運(yùn)作的大背景，即反映出一系列前所未有的全球貿(mào)易緊張局勢(shì)。

9.3. At the same time, it is not the role of this Panel to draw any legal conclusions or make recommendations on any matters other than those it has been specifically tasked to deal with through these dispute settlement proceedings. In this connection, the Panel recalls that the Government of the United States has not, up to the present time, initiated action under the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding with respect to any measures China has imposed in response to the United States' measures at issue in this dispute.
9.3. 同時(shí)，本小組的作用不是就任何事項(xiàng)作出任何法律結(jié)論或提出建議，而是通過(guò)這些爭(zhēng)端解決程序?qū)ｉT負(fù)責(zé)處理的事項(xiàng)。在這方面，小組回顧，到目前為止，美國(guó)政府還沒(méi)有根據(jù)世貿(mào)組織的《爭(zhēng)端解決諒解書(shū)》就中國(guó)針對(duì)美國(guó)在本爭(zhēng)端中采取的任何措施提起訴訟。

9.4. The Panel emphasizes that pursuant to the requirements of Article 11 of the DSU, it has sought to perform diligently its adjudicatory role in relation to the matters that fall within the terms of reference of these dispute settlement proceedings. Additionally, the Panel notes that the panel process is structured in such a way that time is available for the parties to take stock as proceedings evolve and further consider opportunities for mutually agreed and satisfactory solutions.
9.4. 專家組強(qiáng)調(diào)，根據(jù)《爭(zhēng)端解決諒解書(shū)》第11條的要求，專家組力求對(duì)屬于這些爭(zhēng)端解決程序職權(quán)范圍內(nèi)的事項(xiàng)認(rèn)真履行裁決職責(zé)。此外，小組注意到，小組程序的結(jié)構(gòu)使各方有時(shí)間隨著程序的發(fā)展進(jìn)行評(píng)估，并進(jìn)一步考慮尋找相互商定和滿意的解決辦法。

9.5. Accordingly, recalling Article 3.7 of the DSU that highlights that the aim of the dispute settlement system is to achieve a positive solution to a dispute, the Panel expresses its ongoing encouragement to the parties to pursue further efforts to achieve a mutually satisfactory solution to the matters that have been raised before it in this dispute.
9.5. 因此，小組回顧《爭(zhēng)端解決協(xié)議》第3.7條，該條強(qiáng)調(diào)爭(zhēng)端解決制度的目的是實(shí)現(xiàn)爭(zhēng)端的積極解決，小組表示繼續(xù)鼓勵(lì)各方進(jìn)一步努力，以實(shí)現(xiàn)雙方滿意地解決在這一爭(zhēng)端中向小組提出的事項(xiàng)。

上述報(bào)告原文鏈接：https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/543r_conc_e.pdf

WTO官方全文鏈接：https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news20_e/543r_e.htm
（本文翻譯整理原創(chuàng)：關(guān)務(wù)小二）

Chuck姚

然后有什么用?

朱大

有用

一方面說(shuō)明中國(guó)的國(guó)際影響力已經(jīng)強(qiáng)大到國(guó)際組織不得不站在我們這邊的承擔(dān)。

另一方面說(shuō)明美國(guó)為了自己的利益已經(jīng)開(kāi)始肆無(wú)忌憚了